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This report provides the first estimates of the genetic basis of all key breast muscle myopathies BMM in broiler chickens [Deep pectoral myopathy, wooden breast, white striping and spaghetti breast] and their relationship with body weight and breast yield. Data from a pure bred high yielding commercial broiler line were analysed to estimate the genetic parameters using a multivariate animal model with the appropriate fixed effects and permanent environmental effect of the dam.
Heritabilities of the BMM ranged from 0. Here we highlight that the genetic variance of BMM accounts for a low proportion of the phenotypic variance and the BMM have a low genetic relationship with performance traits. The data presented also show that the moderate to low genetic influence for the development of BMM can be used, through balanced selection, to reduce the myopathy incidence in the long term.
The HG broiler used represents 2 years of genetic improvement compared to the commercial broiler; the HG broiler had an This paper describes the relationship between the genetic and non-genetic factors influencing BMM highlighting the importance of understanding the non-genetic effects on myopathy incidence. It also shows that the genetic component of BMM can be reduced whilst at the same time improving breast yield as part of balanced breeding goals.
Poultry production is one of the most sustainable and efficient systems for producing high quality affordable animal protein for human consumption. The increasing efficiency of poultry production is the result of advances in livestock production systems, nutrition, animal breeding and genetic selection. Significant improvements in breast meat yield, live weights and biological efficiency have been proved to be achieved through genetic selection Havenstein et al.
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While it is possible that selection for production traits can have undesirable consequence on bird fitness Hocking, , these negative consequences are mitigated through balanced selection where health and welfare traits are included as equally important selection criteria McKay et al. This is demonstrated by Kapell et al. Carcase yield and live weight are key performance traits for broiler chickens and as part of balanced breeding goals there is also a focus on carcase quality to reduce conditions such as ascites, infections, skeletal deformities and muscle myopathies.
The impact of continued improvement of carcase quality, along with improvements of live weight and carcase yield, is evident in data from the United States poultry industry where carcase condemnations combined post- and ante mortem have decreased from 2. One cause of carcase downgrades or condemnation is breast muscle myopathies BMM which can result in economic losses to the poultry meat producers Mitchell, ; Kuttappan et al.
This myopathy is the result of ischaemic necrosis of the deep pectoral muscle Pectoralis minor as a consequence of a compartment syndrome following exertion Siller et al. As blood flows into the deep pectoral muscle during exercise, the inelastic fascia surrounding the muscle causes the intramuscular pressure to increase which in turn impedes venous output from the muscle causing blood pooling Siller and Wight, ; Richardson et al.
The consequence of this ischaemia is rapid necrosis of the muscle tissue and erythrocytes which manifests as haemorrhaging followed by a greenish discolouration as the haemoglobin in the red blood cells is broken down Bianchi et al. One of the key triggers for this myopathy is excessive flapping or excitability within the flock and clear management recommendations are available to control the field incidence of this condition Siller et al.
Over the last decade there has been a renewed focus on BMM within the poultry industry following increased reports of novel myopathies affecting the Pectoralis major muscle in a number of commercial broiler strains Kuttappan et al. White striping WS is characterised by white lines running in parallel to the muscle fibres on the surface of the muscle; there is bird to bird variation in the quantity and thickness of these lines which has enabled severity scoring when it comes to recording of this myopathy Bailey et al.
These white lines have, through extensive histological and chemical analysis, been shown to be composed of adipose tissues Kuttappan et al. Wooden Breast WB manifests as a hardening of the breast fillet which has been proposed to be either due to increased collagen crosslinking Velleman and Clark, or due to increased water being trapped within the muscle myofibrillar space Tasoniero et al.
The hardening of the muscle can occur as a singular focal lesion or multiple focal lesions, and in more severe cases can affect the whole fillet Sihvo et al. Depending on the severity of the condition there can be additional macroscopic features such as a pale colour, surface haemorrhaging and the presence of a sterile transudate on the surface of the muscle. Histological analysis of affected muscles show ongoing degeneration with active regeneration of muscle fibres, infiltration of immune cells along with increased deposition of adipose and connective tissues Sihvo et al.
Spaghetti breast SB , so called because of its resemblance to spaghetti pasta Baldi et al. As with the other myopathies the severity of SB is variable, ranging from only a small part of the breast muscle being affected to the whole muscle showing the condition. Histological analysis of SB reveals a disorganised distribution of large and small muscle fibres interspersed with diffuse connective tissue.
Figure 1. Breast fillets showing the novel myopathies white striping WS; left , wooden breast WB; middle , and spaghetti breast SB; right.